12 December 2022 - Quantifying the effect of a treatment on a clinical outcome—causal inference—requires the comparison of outcomes under different courses of action.
For example, to quantify the effect of tocilizumab on mortality in critically ill patients with COVID-19, the mortality risk could be compared between a group of patients administered tocilizumab and a group who are not. Ideally, eligible patients would be assigned to these groups at random.